This paper uses survey data from 13 countries to document the economic lives of the poor (those living on less than $2 dollar per day per capita at purchasing power parity) or the extremely poor. Feringa received his Ph.D. Degree from the University of Groningen in 1978 with Professor Hans Wynberg. He has been a research scientist with Royal Dutch Shell at the research center in Amsterdam and at the Shell Biosciences Laboratories in Sittingbourne, U.K., from 1978 to 1984.

A simple and practical synthesis of soluble hexa- peri-hexabenzocoronene ( HBC) from readily available hexaphenylbenzene ( HPB) is described. In this simple procedure, the substitution of the free para positions of the propeller-shaped HPB with tert-butyl groups and the oxidative cyclodehydrogenation to planar HBC is achieved in a one-pot reaction using ferric chloride both as a Lewis acid catalyst and as an oxidant in excellent yields.

The ready availability of HBC allows the isolation of its pure cation-radical salt using a variety of chemical oxidants such as antimony pentachloride and triethyloxonium and nitrosonium hexachloroantimonate salts.

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Feringa received his Ph.D. Degree from the University of Groningen in 1978 with Professor Hans Wynberg.

He has been a research scientist with Royal Dutch Shell at the research center in Amsterdam and at the Shell Biosciences Laboratories in Sittingbourne, U.K., from 1978 to 1984. He then joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Groningen as a lecturer. In 1988 he was appointed Professor at the same university. He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Leuven, a JSPS fellow, and 1997 recipient of the Pino gold medal of the Italian Chemical Society.

His research is mainly focused on stereochemistry, and his research interests include organic synthesis, asymmetric catalysis and catalytic oxidation, molecular switches and motors, self-assembly, and new organic materials. Van Delden was born in 1974. He started his studies in the group of Professor B. Feringa at the University of Groningen in 1994 on the excited-state properties of chiroptical molecular switches based on sterically overcrowded alkenes. In 1996 he spent six months in the group of Professor M.

Green, Brooklyn Polytechnic University, performing research on the chiral properties of binaphthalene solubilized in aqueous polymer solutions. On the basis of these projects he received his B.A. Degree in Organic Chemistry with honors in 1997. In the same year he started his Ph.D.

Study under the guidance of Professor B. Feringa on chirality aspects of different helical-shaped molecules both in solution as well as in organized media, with the chiroptical molecular switches as a basis. Nagatoshi Koumura was born in Nagoya, Japan, in 1971. He graduated from Tohoku University, Faculty of Sciences, in 1994 and received his Ph.D.

Degree from Tohoku University in 1999 under the direction of Professor Nobuyuki Harada. Currently, he is working as a postdoctoral fellow in the group of Professor Ben L. He is involved in the synthesis and investigation of physical properties of molecular machines based on overcrowded alkenes, and his research interests include structural and physical organic chemistry.

His major achievement was the establishment of a light-driven monodirectional molecular rotor based on biphenanthrylidene molecules. Geertsema was born in Groningen, The Netherlands, on December 22, 1970. He received his B.A. Degree in Chemistry from the University of Groningen in 1996.

Part of his undergraduate research was performed at Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan, where he joined the group of Professor F. Ekzamen pdd pmr. Toda and focussed on solid-state Diels−Alder reactions with inclusion complexes. Currently, he is pursuing his Ph.D. Degree in Organic Chemistry at the University of Groningen under the direction of Professor B. His research includes the asymmetric synthesis of overcrowded alkenes and investigation of the properties of functionalized bisthioxanthylidenes.